The shift in focus causes shoppers to ignore secondary items and choose more emotionally significant items, even if objective differences are usually not important. In this case, the correlation bias is at risk, because the characteristics of the package of items force consumers to make decisions that do not consider whether the item is a healthy choice. [Sources: 11]
The researchers suggested that giving people real-time feedback about the choices they are about to make is one solution to avoid the relevance bias trap. Policymakers can also take into account importance bias in the hope of mitigating its negative impact on society. In the area of resource consumption, an awareness of relevance bias can motivate people to make environmentally sound decisions. [Sources: 10]
The use of contrast is one way to help in the occurrence of visibility bias; for example, shoppers are now so insensitive to most in-store conditions that it’s important to focus on making your environment so atypical and different so that it doesn’t grab the attention of shoppers. The visibility bias arises from unexpected contrasts between objects and their surroundings. This appeals to our “bias” (or so-called perceptual significance) – a cognitive bias that “predisposes people to focus on issues that are most important or emotionally unexpected, and ignore those that are not relevant, even if it is the distinction is often irrelevant to objective criteria. ” [Sources: 9, 11]
Our tendency to think more about negative events is another example of this kind of behavioral bias. According to the concept of negative forces, prejudice leads us to interpret negative events as more important than positive events. Even if we experience many positive events in a day, negative prejudice will make us focus on a negative event that happened. [Sources: 5]
We can think of this as an asymmetry in the way we process negative and positive events to understand our world, in which “negative events elicit faster and more obvious reactions than non-negative events” (Carretie et al., 2001, p. 75). By directing our conscious attention more towards the positive events and feelings we experience, we can begin to address the preconceived asymmetries of negativity. While there is little we can do about our psychology, we can still prevent attacks by becoming more aware of our biases. Thinking that you are rational despite the obviousness of the irrationality of others is also known as the blind spot bias. [Sources: 5, 9, 12]
This premise, in turn, is based on a number of assumptions about the nature of human inference and the respective roles of cognition and motivation in social judgment and decision making. Confirmation bias, as the term is commonly used in the psychological literature, refers to seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that partially match existing beliefs, expectations, or assumptions. The author examines the evidence for this bias in various forms and provides examples of its functioning in various practical contexts. [Sources: 7, 8]
Anchoring or focusing Anchoring shifting The tendency to rely too heavily on or “anchor” a line or piece of information when making decisions (this is usually the first information received on this issue). Confirmation Bias Confirmation Bias A tendency to seek, interpret, focus, and remember information in a way that confirms your biases. Availability heuristic Accessibility bias The tendency to overestimate the likelihood of events with increased “availability” in memory, which may depend on how recent memories are or how unusual or emotionally charged they may be. Importance bias Accessibility bias The tendency to focus on the elements that are most important or emotionally unexpected and to ignore those that are irrelevant, even if the distinction is often irrelevant to objective standards. [Sources: 2]
Visibility bias (also known as perceptual significance) is the tendency to use available traits to make judgments about a person or situation. Importance describes how important or emotionally amazing something is. Visibility usually arises from novelty or unexpected events, but it can also be achieved by focusing on this characteristic. [Sources: 1, 3, 6]
This suggests that perceived relevance can influence decisions about preferences. In addition, in the case of high cognitive load and lack of time, a strong influence on food choices was observed. Previous studies have shown that for rapid decision-making speed, significant bias has a greater impact on decision-making than preference (Milosavljevic et al., 2012), and time constraints generally directly affect selection behavior (eg Reutskaja, Nagel, Camerer, and Rangel, 2011; Su And Hertwig, 2011). [Sources: 6]
Such differences are likely to lead to differences in how these emotions are processed and used later in the developmental process, and may themselves be a partial explanation for the negative bias. Moreover, while we have focused on areas of development that are closely related to the emotional sphere in this article, it is likely that negative bias also exists in many areas that are not so closely related to this area. [Sources: 0]
First, it is surprising that the negativity bias that has been observed and studied so widely in one area of psychology (social, emotional and cognitive psychology of adults) has received so little systematic attention in another area (child social, emotional and cognitive psychology). psychology). We hope this article makes it clear that this phenomenon fulfills some important developmental and developmental functions in infants and children and deserves the widest possible study. Finally, we have argued that negativity bias serves as an important developmental adaptive function in helping children avoid potentially harmful stimuli, and is likely to also perform important socio-emotional and socio-cognitive functions. [Sources: 0]
The conspicuous effect examines why, when, and how which elements are “visible” to different people, or which elements we are most attracted to and which we will focus on. Then, in one of the conditions, we manipulated cognitive load to test whether increased cognitive load affects the effect of visibility on food decisions. [Sources: 6]
Participants were more likely to choose foods that showed longer, suggesting that longer exposure and therefore more time spent attending a meal could influence decisions about that product. The visibility bias states that the brain prefers to pay attention to the basic elements of the experience. Motivational relevance is a cognitive process and form of attention that motivates or pushes a person’s behavior towards or from a particular object, perceived event or result. Importance determines which information is most likely to grab attention and have the greatest impact on the perception of the world. [Sources: 1, 6]
The importance of a sign, when viewed in the context of others, helps a person quickly rank large amounts of information based on importance, and then pay attention to what is most important. The WebNeuro online battery also includes self-assessment elements that can be used to assess attribution bias towards anticipation and perception of negative outcomes and events (Rowe et al., 2007; Williams et al., 2008). The Future Events Scale (FES) is a 26-point subjective measure of negativity bias that measures optimism and pessimism across two separate subscales (Anderson, 2000). [Sources: 1, 5]
Pessimistic prejudice. Some people, especially those suffering from depression, tend to overestimate the possibility of bad things happening to them. Proportionality bias We are naturally inclined to assume that there are good reasons for major events, which can also explain our tendency to accept conspiracy theories. [Sources: 2]
— Slimane Zouggari
##### Sources #####
[0]: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3652533/
[1]: https://theinfinitekitchen.com/faq/readers-ask-why-is-salience-used/
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
[3]: https://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Saliency+Bias
[4]: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/cognitive-theory
[5]: https://positivepsychology.com/3-steps-negativity-bias/
[6]: https://mcen.com.br/if2pj/salience-bias-psychology-definition
[7]: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1229191
[8]: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175
[9]: https://www.cyberbitsetc.org/post/perceptional-invariance-5-psychological-reasons-why-we-keep-believing-cybercriminals
[10]: https://thedecisionlab.com/biases/salience-bias/
[11]: https://www.adcocksolutions.com/post/what-is-salience-bias
[12]: https://www.businessinsider.com/cognitive-biases-2015-10